Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation: Quantum Structures

Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation: Quantum Structures Preparation and Characterisation of Quantum Dot Infrared Photo Detector and Its Application in Night Vision Devices Submitted by Mangala Gowri M Focus of the study during this period was to understand interaction of electromagnetic radiation with quantum structures. Interband transition and intraband transition are two types of transition possible in semiconductors. Intraband transitions are unique for the quantum semiconductor structures. Intraband transitions between the quantized energy levels are possible depending on several parameters. The resonance wavelength depends on effective masses of the carriers, parameters like size, shape and composition of the quantum structures. Practical observations made on quantum structures like quantum wells and quantum dots were very interesting. â€Å"The first direct observation of infrared absorption between conduction subbands of n-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells was reported in 1985. It was confirmed that intersubband transitions between electronic states of quantum wells are strongly polarized along the confinement potential direction.† [1] Therefore light whose polarization has component along the confinement potential direction gets absorbed. Therefore â€Å"light must have a polarization component perpendicular to the quantum well layers.† [1] This is the strong limitation for the quantum well infrared photo detectors. On the other hand, quantum wires and quantum dots theoretically do not have this limitation on the polarization direction of incident radiation. For quantum well polarization, direction radiation should not be normal (perpendicular) to the confinement potential direction, whereas t his type of normal incidence is allowed for quantum dots. Oscillator Strength: â€Å"Oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule.† [2] When an electronic transition occurs an oscillating dipole moment will be induced by interaction of electric field of the system with electromagnetic radiation. The following illustration explains the mechanism of transition in a system in general. Suppose an electron changes its energy from En to Em by changing its state from ψn to ψm. During the transition it will be in a state which is superposition of the two states. ÃŽ ¨ = aψn + bψm Probability that the electron in the state ψn is |a|2 and probability that it is in state ψm is |b|2 so that at any time |a|2 + |b|2 =1. We can see that expectation value mn oscillates at frequency ÃŽ ³nm = , ÃŽ ³nm is the transition frequency. mn is the oscillator strength as the strength of the oscillation is proportional to the expectation value of intermediate state. It is also called the transition matrix element. For allowed transitions mn is a nonzero value and for forbidden transitions it is zero. Transition Dipole Moment: Transition dipole moment is the dipole moment associated with the transition between two states. It is a complex vector quantity. It encodes phase factors associated with the two states. The direction of this dipole moment is the polarization of the transition. The polarization of the transition determines the interaction of the system with electromagnetic radiation with a given polarization. Square of the dipole moment of transition gives the strength of the transition. Transition dipole moment is off-diagonal matrix element of position operator multiplied by the particle’s charge. Classically, dipole moment is product of charge and separation between the two charges. In the presence of an electric field, the two charges will experience a force in opposite direction so that a torque acts on the dipole. Similarly, during transition, coupling between an electromagnetic wave and transition dipole moment of the system depends on the charge distribution within the system, strength of the field and the relative polarization of the field and the transition. Also transition dipole moment depends on the geometries and relative phases of the two states involved in transition. The concept of transition dipole moment is very useful to determine whether a transition is allowed or not. If the integral defining transition dipole moment is nonzero, that transition is allowed. Perturbation Theory: To understand the mechanism of interaction between the system and electromagnetic radiation, we adopt quantum mechanical perturbation theory. Incident radiation is treated as a perturbation. Electromagnetic radiation provides a time dependent potential, which assists quantum jumps between energy levels. So total Hamiltonian of the system has two parts, one is time independent and another is time dependent. If time dependent part is small compared to time independent part, then that can be treated as a perturbation. Considering two level system, where ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b are two eigen states of unperturbed Hamiltonian H0. The two states are orthonormal. Any other state of the system can be written as a linear combination of those two states. ÃŽ ¨(0) = Ca ÃŽ ¨a + Cb ÃŽ ¨b Ca and Cb are constants, which include information about probability of finding the system in respective states. Suppose we are curious to know the state of the system after a time t. If there is time dependent perturbation, ÃŽ ¨(t) is again superposition of the two states. Not only the two states evolve with time, but also coefficients Ca and Cb are also functions of time. If we can determine Ca(t) and Cb(t) we can understand the system at time t. Several mathematical steps lead us to ÄÅ  a = And ÄÅ  b = Where ÄÅ  a and ÄÅ  b are time derivatives of Ca(t) and Cb(t) respectively. Both of the above equations taken together are equivalent to time dependent Schrodinger equation for a two level system. The diagonal matrix elements of H’ vanish. Therefore, ÄÅ  a = ÄÅ  b = With Considering that H’ is small, above equations can be solved by a process called successive approximations. Here we also consider that perturbation is having sinusoidal time dependence. Then And In the first order we have ω is the driving frequency and ω0 is the transition frequency. If ω and ω0 are very close to each other second term in the square brackets dominates. So we can say ω + ω0 >> | ω0 ω| We drop first term and after simplification The transition probability gives the probability that a particle started from the initial state will reach at final state in time t. We can see here that transition probability as a function of time oscillates sinusoidally. Fig: Transition probability as a function of time, for sinusoidal perturbation. Maximum value of probability is . The probability of rising to the maximum value is much less than 1 for small perturbation. Another thing to observe here that the probability of transition is highest when ω ω0. Fig: Transition probability as a function of driving frequency. Thus as time goes on width of the peak becomes narrower and height of the peak becomes higher. That means that the system will undergo transition with higher probability. Emission and Absorption of Radiation: An electromagnetic wave consists of transverse oscillating electric and magnetic fields. An atom reacts primarily to the oscillating electric component of radiation. Assume that an atom is exposed to a sinusoidally oscillating electric field. Consider that the field is polarized along z direction. Then the perturbing Hamiltonian is written as Note: Considering that the period of oscillation of the field is long compared to the time taken by the charge to move around within the atom we adopt electrostatic formula for Vab that is equal to Then Where P = is transition dipole moment. ÃŽ ¨ is an odd or even function of z. We consider that the diagonal matrix elements of H’ vanish. Then the interaction of radiation with the system is governed by precisely the kind of oscillatory perturbation with Vab Note: P is off-diagonal matrix element of z component of dipole moment operator qr. Transition probability is proportional to the energy density of the perturbing fields. And we see that the probability is proportional to time. If incident radiation is monochromatic, transition probability oscillates. However, if the system is exposed to incoherent spread of frequencies that flopping nature disappears. The transition rate will be a constant. In the calculations, we have assumed that the direction of propagation of perturbing radiation is y direction and it is polarized along z axis. However, in practice the system (like quantum well, quantum dot) is exposed to a radiation coming from all directions and with all possible polarizations. Then the energy of the field is shared equally among these different modes. So in the place of we have to substitute the average of |P.n|2 with n is the direction of polarization of radiation. Average is over all polarizations and all incident directions. Quantum Well: A quantum well can be considered as idealized square, finite and symmetrical potential well. It is now evident that absorption of radiation by quantum well depends on the direction of the transition dipole moment and direction of polarization of incident radiation. It can be shown that the wave function of quantum well is a even function in ground state and it is alternatively even or odd in higher states. In order to P be nonzero ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b should be of opposite parity since z is odd. In addition, direction of P depends on ÃŽ ¨a and ÃŽ ¨b. Since the wavefunction of the quantum well has only z component, transition dipole moment will also be directed along the z direction i.e. along the direction of potential Vwell(z). In the case of normal incidence, the polarization of radiation is perpendicular to the walls of the well barrier or to the potential. The n that refers to polarization direction of radiation is in xy plane. So choosing cylindrical polar coordinates, we have And . Thus, . Then, Which implies that normal incidence in quantum wells is forbidden. The polarization selection rules for transitions in quantum wells are summarized below. Quantum Dot: Quantum dot is a quantum structure, which is confined three dimensionally. Thus, the confinement potential has all the three x, y, z components. Similarly the wave functions representing the states of quantum dot have x, y, z components. So the scalar product between transition dipole moment and the polarization direction of incident radiation will not be equal to zero. Average of is not zero in quantum dots. Thus, the quantity in quantum dots is nonzero. There is no restriction for direction of polarization of radiation theoretically. Even though normal incidence intraband absorption is forbidden in quantum wells, they are allowed in quantum dots. This is major fact of great interest in the development of infrared photodetectors. I attended a two-day collaborator’s workshop organized by Centre of ART, SIT, Tumkur from 20-02-2014 to 21-02-2014. Study Plan: In the next half year, focus of the study will be MOCVD growth process of quantum dots. Signature of the CandidateSignature of the Guide (Manala Gowri M) (Prof. (Dr.) Ganesh N. Raikar) References: A. Weber. Intraband Spectroscopy of Semiconductor quantum dots, 1998. 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator_strength 3. Proefschrift. Optical Properties of Semiconductor Quantum Dots, 2011 4. Griffith. D.J, Introduction to quantum Mechanics, 2nd Ed, Pearson Education Inc, 2006.

New Faces for Mars

Mars often referred to as the Red Planet, has long been a subject of fascination; speculation about the existence of â€Å"Martians† was widespread early in the twentieth century; for example, issues of Scientific American in 1920 described possible communication with Mars using search lights and giant mirrors to reflect sunlight (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), other proposals for communicating including digging huge trenches in the form of mathematical symbols in the Sahara Desert; these trenches were to be filled with kerosene and signal aflame to signal Mars. Based on Greeley (2001), although these ideas were never carried out, they reflected intense public interest in Mars. Telescopic observations of Mars began in the late nineteenth century and provided fuel for speculation about the nature of Mars. Space exploration of mars was initiated with the Mariner flyby in 1965; although it took only 22 close-up pictures covering a tiny fraction of the surface and showed the presence of a lunar like craters (Greeley 115). According to Greeley (2001), the geologic diversity of Mars was finally revealed by the Mariner 9 spacecraft. The Viking mission was the most complicated unmanned mission flown in the solar system according to Greeley; consisting of two orbiters and two landers. And in 1997, Mars Pathfinder landed and returned information for a third site on Mars; these missions have set the stage for more complex future missions including the return of samples to earth. It has been discovered before that more craters are older with some around 19 km across. Volcanism is also fascinating on Mars, which is said to have lava flowing but I’m not sure if this was really true. It is also said that the Red Planet has no plate tectonics and its outer layer doesn’t move horizontally, only its outer layer moves vertically. As for Mars’ other features, it is said that weathering and erosion are observed with dominated dust storms – global dust storms and sand dunes. It has also been said that there has been past flowing water before but this argument hasn’t been verified yet. As for the aliens wearing helmet, I doubt it because as of now there hasn’t been any findings of its existence. Maybe this might be true if water will be discovered in Mars. Due to advance research and technologies, I think that as time passes by, more and more findings could be discovered. If before, images are vague and cannot be distinguished easily, today, more and more sophisticated tools are being used to capture Mars’ images. Now, Mars’ tectonic features are more detailed compared before. It has also been found out that Mar’s volcanism is widespread and more diverse and young. Despite a virtual generation of studies based on newly devised technologies of space, Mars remains something of an enigma to man; fly-by, orbiting and landing missions by increasingly sophisticated space probes have revealed more about the Red planet in the last thirty years that had been gleaned in all previous centuries, but there are still many mysteries to be solved (Kargel ix). According to Kargel (2004), they range from the question of where Phobos and Deimos, the diminutive Martian Satellites, came from whereabouts of water which once sculptured much of the planet’s surface; these many more questions will only be answered after years, perhaps decades, of effort; and because the planet and its satellites preserve much of the ancient history of the solar system, they are important questions of science. Works Cited Kargel, J. S. Mars: A Warmer, Wetter Planet. New York: Springer Publishing 2004. Greeley, R. & Batson, R. The Compact NASA Atlas of the Solar System. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Funeral Oration of Pericles Essay

In the reading of the Funeral Oration of Pericles, I do not believe what Pericles says about Athens. I believe he made his speech to boost morale for his people and for the soldiers, and to keep the war going. In the Funeral Oration of Pericles, they were there to honor the fallen soldiers and to have a burial for them, but Pericles made it about the war. He used it to boost morale for the soldiers, to get them excited and to give them a reason to keep fighting, he also used it to give a reason behind the war to the citizens. It was a political move on its own. These tactics are still used in the world today, such as the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and as far back as the Gettysburg Address. Pericles believed that personal glory was one of the rare things you could have, and fighting in the war and giving your life for your city was one of the highest glories you could bestow, so therefore he glorified the war not the people that lost their lives fighting in it. Pericles was trying to persuade the people that the war was worth people losing their lives over and that there was a meaning and cause for it. The funeral oration can be seen in the world today with the war in Iraq, where the President gives the speeches about why we are fighting in a war, the reasons and the cause, which is really not known today, such as weapons of mass destruction, it was said that Iraq possessed these and come to find out they had none, so many people lost their lives for what reason? There was hype, and glorification given to the men and women that fought, to boost their morale and for them to know they were doing something that helped the country. The President tried to persuade the citizens with his speeches that it was just and there was a reason for the war. In conclusion, the question asked was do I believe everything Pericles says about Athens in the Funeral Oration. The answer to that would be no. I do not believe that Pericles was there to honor the fallen soldiers. I belie ve he was there to persuade the citizens and the soldiers that what they were doing was right and was just and if they continued then they would be glorified.

sales development and Merchandising Essay - 1212 Words

Task A Research report describing the elements of the product in a business and services context After selecting a hotel of your choice, carry out an individual research into the element of the product of this hotel, and produce a written report of your findings which should include: a) A discussion about the key components of the product and how the product mix contributes to sales and profit (ref. 1.1, 1.2) b) An assessment on how market segmentation contribute to maximise sales (ref. 1.3) Task B Research report describing the external sales development techniques Carry out an individual research into external sales techniques using the same hotel you selected for task A and produce a written report of your findings which should†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœCollusion occurs when, unless with official approval (e.g. in the case of group projects), two or more students consciously collaborate in the preparation and production of work which is ultimately submitted by each in an identical, or substantially similar, form and/or is represented by each to be the product of his or her individual efforts. Collusion also occurs where there is unauthorised co-operation between a student and another person in the preparation and production of work which is presented as the student’s own. 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Competiveness And Performance Effectiveness For Health...

Competiveness and Performance Effectiveness for Health Care IT Systems According to Balgrosky, the CEO and other senior management team members can engage in meaningful ways with others in the organization regarding HIS plans and implementations. The CEO– CIO working partnership is key to the success of HIS and technology investments, plans, and implementations, all of which are significant to the future of the organization, as well as key to its ability to perform efficiently and effectively from quality and cost perspectives. Not only the technology can health when it comes to the success of the organization, but also the staff members must have great knowledge of the job they do. The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics and responsibilities of Chief Information Officer (CIO) and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) and they both work to provide good quality work for patients. Two developing technologies that health care systems should use, Significant Methods Used to Prevent Misuse of Information, Strategy for Healthcare Organiz ations to Train Providers, and give best Practices in Effective Alignment. Responsibilities and Characteristics Chief Information Officer (CIO) is the chief executive in charge of HIS and information technology at a healthcare organization (Balgrosky, 2015). 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Estimation Of Emissions At Construction Phase - 1744 Words

Estimation of emissions at construction phase is one of the most complicated tasks when performing an emission study on a building (Guggemos and Horvath, 2005, Junnila et al., 2006a). This is due to the uniqueness of construction activities and associated methods from project to project. Unavailability of quality data and inventories and time consuming nature of data collection are some of the other reasons that emissions at construction phase is given less consideration. Emissions from construction equipment are a dominant emission source that governs emissions at construction phase due to its heavy use of machines. These emissions from construction equipment cannot be only limited to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions(Frey et al., 2010, Kean et al., 2000, Abolhasani et al., 2008). This is because fuel combustion in construction equipment is often associated with non-greenhouse gas emissions such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydro carbon (HC), Nitrous Oxide (NOx), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter (PM) due to partial combustion of fuel. These non-greenhouse gas emissions depend upon several factors like age of the machine, deterioration, load factor and efficiency of the machine (Colberg et al., 2005). A comprehensive emission study on construction equipment would ideally consider all these emissions. Even though the estimation of all these emissions is highly important, attaining the corresponding emission factors can be a challenging task. Some of the countries inShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Building Industry945 Words   |  4 PagesThe average monthly contribution of construction dust to overall PM10 emissions is 10% in Beijing (Wu et al., 2015). Buildings should be a priority for countries in order to reach sustainable societies. Building sector constitutes about 30% of global CO2 emissions (Jeong et al., 2012). Building sector represents 23% of total CO2 emissions in Korea (Jeong et al., 2012). By 2020, building sector will be responsible for 31% for total CO2 emissions in the world (Pacheco-Torres et al., 2014). By 2050Read MoreIdentifying Human Hair and Animal Fair by Laser Diffraction1213 Words   |  5 Pagesand the size of the obstacle or gap waves bend and spread out. Waves tend to diffract more around objects or gaps of a similar size to their wavelength. How a wave will diffract when it meets an object can be modelled using Huygen’s construction. Huygen’s construction is based on Huygen’s principle of light waves which states: â€Å"Every point on a wave-front may be considered a source of secondary spherical wavelets which spread out in the forward direction at the speed of light. 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Korean Journal Of Construction Engineering -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Korean Journal Of Construction Engineering? Answer: Introduction In the present scenario, it is imperative for the managers to have a strong control over the elements of cost. Hence, the managers need to be aware of the updated methods as it will help in tracking the changes that occur in the due course of time. The size of the firm is irrelevant in this regard because a business might be big or small but the element of cost and cost control should be a priority to attain a better result. In the present report, the major emphasis will be on TDABC as this system is an updated version and eliminates the frailties that are present in the traditional ABC system (Drury, 2013). The main purpose of the current study is to highlight the features of TDABC and the manner in which the new system will be implemented in BHP Billiton. Further, a differentiation will be done from the ABC model costing system shedding light on the selected company that is BHP Billiton. TDABC scores over other forms of costing method such as it is not time-consuming and is subject ive in nature. The main benefit that can be accrued is that simple estimates can be made and can be developed depending on the process of direct observation. Depiction of the Clients firm BHP Billiton is a pioneer in the field of extracting and processing of mineral, oils, etc with a presence of more than 60,000 employees located mainly in Australia and America. The sales of the product are worldwide and are done through Singapore, U.S, Houston, etc. The headquarters are located in Australia. The company operates as a Dual Listed Company with the presence of two parent companies that is BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton Plc. The main strategy of the company is to retain low-cost, long-life and expandable assets that are diversified through geography and market (BHP Billiton, 2017). The operating model of the company enables the expertise to be leveraged across the business with a team that is multifunctional and link across the organization that helps in solving the problem. Further, the company strives to grow and is inconsistent with the strategy. The plan of the company is based on efficiency in terms of cost that is focussed on higher gains, an exploration tha t leads to a positive result and reduces the future risk, technology that enhances safety, cost and to unlock resources (BHP Billiton, 2017). A description of the TDABC and its features The prevalence of ABC system was the widely practiced mechanism that leads to data of product cost that helps in taking strong decision pertaining to pricing, improvements, and management of customer relationship. The main aim of ABC system is to allocate the indirect cost in such a manner that the result projects the demand or resource consumption of a specific companys cost objects. However, the traditional ABC is not free from defects. The main issue is that it depends on the survey of an employee of time spent on activities that are specified in nature (Venanci, 2012). In short, it can be commented that the traditional system of ABC is expensive in terms of set up, consumes time, maintenance difficulty and not flexible when demands modification (Horngren, 2011). However, the introduction of Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing leads to a strong enhancement in the process of ABC. The new and innovated process of TDABC embodies a huge amount of differences and issues by giving inform ation of high calibre without any constraints that were seen in the case of ABC costing. The main feature of TDABC is that it eliminates the difficulties of time consumption, the process of interview and survey to provide n explanation for the pools (Larry Christopher, 2012). The main feature of this method is that it has a major reliance on the time estimates and can be developed linked to direct observation. Furthermore, it accurately accounts for the difficulty that is present in the transactions of business by utilization of the time equations that precisely projects the involvement of time in a specified process, hence eliminating the need to consider various activities to take into consideration different cost linked with a particular activity (Oker Ad?gzel, 2016). Another major feature is that it lessens the processing time needed to churn through the day by utilization of the data feed from the system of ERP. The best trait is that it is easy to maintain, as well as an upd ate (Larry Christopher, 2012). With the utilization of time equations and backed up by ERP system, manager is in a strong position to update the capacity and cost rates. It is important to know that the business can thrive when the appropriate data management system is in practice. A strong support is needed when it comes to the entry of huge orders together with a strong check of the order at various stages. In this scenario, it needs to be noted that the method of ABC handles costing and has led to more opportunities and methodology among the products that range from a variety of custom and products (Robinson Last, 2009). The TDABC system helps in attaining a system of better information that encompasses at the revenues and the profit earnings by projecting the cost differences among various customers. As a matter of fact, the consumers having low demand are given more priority as compared to the customers having high demand (Drury, 2011). However, the application of the TDABC dwells on the time span that is required. This process attains a better position of having a better sum of a specific unit or the process in totality with the cost distribution to the group of resources. As per research, it is evident that TDABC can forecast the resource amounts that are released. It has the potential to limit the released resources (Oker Ad?gzel, 2016). The major benefit that accrues from this process is that is a total of a varied range of features. It needs to be noted that TDABC has some unique features such as the method is easy to understand and ensure preciseness. Secondly, it can be tagged as vibrant in nature as the model associates in a form that is efficient that is linked to ERP and the management of customer relationship. Thirdly, the mechanism has provided support in ensuring visibility during the process of capacity utilization. Fourthly, the biggest benefit is that the method runs on a monthly system that is effi cient in recording the business economy that is present. From this model, the company remains in a position to forecast the resource demand (Vanderbeck, 2013). It helps the organization to prepare the budget for the resource capacity that is linked to the forecast ability of complication, as well as order. Differences between Traditional costing system, TDABC and ABC Traditional ABC ABC TDABC It can be said to be the traditional mechanism of costing advantages that happens in the process of allocation of the cost of overhead to the production of individual unit (Needles Powers, 2013). Under this mechanism there are various overheads that can be traced. This mechanism rests on the method of costing that enables assessment of the different resources group 9 Needles Powers, 2013). This model forecast the scenario where the quantity matrix gets converted into the product overhead driver In this method, the cost of overhead is allocated to the different action through the resource driver Under this mechanism, every resource group is provided due emphasis. In this method, the manager are needed to distribute the overall cost f production to the linked products The cost driver for every action is perceived through this method. This method floats the concept of practical capability for every resource group In this method, accounting is granted to give away the cost that relates to non- manufacturing and deals in expenses of management (Needles Powers, 2013). This method derives at the decision of each activity by distribution of the overall cost activity from the activity driver amount 9 Needles Powers, 2013) It derives at the cost of every unit of the group resource by segregation of the cost amount to every unit through practical skills (Needles Powers, 2013). Evaluation of whether the TDABC is appropriate for clients company As per the ease of use and applicability of costing mechanism, it can be said that the method of TDABC can be used in the organization BHP Billiton. BHP is a pioneer in the field of extracting and processing minerals, the applicability of the method of TDABC would help the business due to the ease of operations. In contrast to another mechanism like traditional ABC and ABC, the model is more convenient and commercial in nature, therefore, it aids in deriving at a better position (Parrino et. al, 2012) . The current mechanism of costing will be convenient for BHP Billiton as it helps in distribution of the resources cost to the activities that helps in driving them to the cost. By having a strong assessment of TDABC it can be commented that such a model will help BHP Billiton in the distribution of resources to the cost objects by the implementation of the framework that will aid in deriving at the place of profit. For the purpose of cost computation, the resource capacity supply needs to be known as it will enable a smooth process for the model (Lee et. al, 2015). The processing department of BHP will be highly benefitted when the application of TDABC will be done. Moreover, it will aid in the determination of the cost that is used in resources, supervision, and technology. The major benefit that can be derived from this method is that it motivates the real process that is needed for the performance of the task of BHP Billiton. This model will help the organization to procure variations in huge number in contrast to the ABC model without paying any heed to the data storage demand, highlighting and materials processing (Lanen et. al, 2008). Once BHP Billiton will implement the model, it will enable the business to withstand various complications rather utilization of the improper model of ABC for the business activities. When it comes to BHP Billiton, the model will ensure that complex business data is preserved and stored in a strong manner that is varying in nature. Moreover, considering the nature of business of BHP Billiton, TDABC will enable enhancement of the complication related to the equation of time (Lee et. al, 2015). BHP Billiton will be provided adequate help and focus by the model of TDABC so that cost object can be projected with precision and in tune to the quantity of every unit that is related to the transaction that is ascertained in the department (Needles, 2011). When it comes to BHP Billiton, the introduction of the model of TDABC enables the company to preserve business information that is of complicated nature and to secure them in a manner that is flexible in nature. As seen in the case of BHP Billiton it can be commented that TDABC will enable the organization to enhance the time equation complication (Horngren Foster, 2008). Further, the mechanism of TDABC will enable the organization in the attainment of a huge number of variations without any complications that relate to the processing of capabilities, data, and storage, etc. Conclusion From the above discussion and report, it can be commented that the use of TDABC is manifold and eliminates the drawbacks that are present in other models such as ABC and traditional ABC. Under such scenario, BHP Billiton can use the method of TDABC and will help the company in the attainment of better results. Further, model ensures that the company will have a flexible and easy to understand the method in contrast to the conventional and complex model such as ABC (Shim Siegel, 2009). Further, from the above report, it is clearly defined that the model of TDABC is easier in terms of maintenance as compared to the traditional ABC model. The time equation asserts this fact. TDABC is easier in terms of maintenance and larger corporations can benefit to a considerable extent. The major key to the benefit of this model rests upon the capabilities vested in the ERP system. In short, TDABC helps in the more accurate projection of the under or over capacity by expression of the capacity in terms of a unit of time References BHP Billiton. (2017). BHP Billiton profile. Accessed January 2018 from https://www.bhp.com/our-approach/our-company/about-us Drury, C. (2011). Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning. Drury, C. M. (2013). Management and cost accounting. Springer. Horngren, C T Foster, G. (2008) Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis. United States Edition Horngren, C. (2011). Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W. (2008). Fundamentals of cost accounting. NY: Hang Loose press. Larry M. W Christopher J. S2012, Managerial and Cost Accounting, Pearson Press Lee, J., Park, M., Lee, H.S., Lee, K.P Hyun, H. (2015). Application of Activity-Based costing (ABC) for Modular Building Construction Indirect Costs Calculation at the Manufacturing Stage.Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,16(4),139-145 Needles, B. E. PReferences Press Needles, S. C. (2011). Managerial Accounting, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning . Oker, F Ad?gzel, H. (2016). Time?driven activity?based costing: An implementation in manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), 39-56. Parrino, R, Kidwell, D. Bates, T. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, Robinson, M., Last, D. (2009). Budgetary Control Model: The Process of Translation. Accounting, Organization, and Society. NY Press Shim, J. K Siegel, J G. (2009). Modern Cost Management and Analysis. Barron's Education Series Vanderbeck, E J. (2013). Principles of Cost Accounting. Oxford university press Venanci, D. (2012). Financial Performance Measures and Value Creation. State of art . New York: Springer.